phenacoccus manihoti control

[6] The optimal temperature for populations of the cassava mealybug is between 20 and 30 degrees Celsius. <>/XObject<>>>/Type/XObject/Subtype/Form/BBox[0 0 595 842]/Matrix[1 0 0 1 0 0]/FormType 1>>stream From 1984 onward, the introduced parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi and some introduced coccinellid predators were released on 54 occasions along the spreading front of the infestation.E. Phenacoccus manihoti (cassava mealybug) Table 1 Georeferenced reports of Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava in Asia — Organic Chemical Control Immersion of cassava cuttings in manipueira a liquid extract from cassava roots for 60 minutes was found to significantly reduce infestation Razafindrakoto et al. The parasitoid attacks the second and third instar stages of the cassava mealybug. [5] Predictions about the function of dermal wax in the cassava mealybug suggest it is to prevent desiccation and to deter predators. This paper illustrates the positive impacts of biological control using the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera) as an example. Estimating overall returns to international agricultural research in Africa through benefit‐cost analysis: a “best‐evidence” approach. 47.0 47.1 [1] Within 15 years of its discovery, it had invaded most of West and Central Africa and was spreading to the East. The coccinellid Hyperaspis notata is associated with the mealybugs P. manihoti and P. herreni on cassava in southern Brazil and the highlands of Colombia. [5] The longer coils of wax secreted would be bitten first by a predator and give the cassava mealybug a chance to escape. The antenna are thought to be useful in detecting volatile substances given off by the plant. 47.0 47.1; Ini nga pakli kataposan nga ginliwat dida han 15:01, 10 Agosto 2013. Gutierrez AP, Neuenschwander P, Schulthess F, Herren HR, Baumgaertner JU, Wermelinger B, Loehr B, Ellis CK (1988) Analysis of biological control of cassava pests in Africa. [5] If the plant becomes stressed during dry season it is even more susceptible to infestation. P. manihoti is a type of mealybug. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> An exotic parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi(De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was introduced and released in 2014 to control the pest. (��Çh'�|j��V�:�u��v��_�op;�-��}rN&��h4�_?�>��A�/d��{8}�zp{+ &L�}��MlZ��i��Uo��K|:��~{7��ޝ��7��a��G|�ǧ��-��G�-�ck ��sUsc�;��{�t�f;B�`�5� {8�C��'|y�ƻ�{�PN��L�/��_-r$ ��,�!̊8J�+x�p/ї��%_��ɹS��I�j�J�8�L� �Oq&RC��EAZ�ː�Mj�y7�4Y��,J��:b�� |ӑ��Q�cMJ,��.�i�\Ɉb��T��T�1�M�MR�&�F(�o�D�vD��)_qu�FC�tT��Dd�\�Âc�1�t��.cn��[嘘2\�ߑ~wԄr��R+�'C$�'�\��{ģͱ��i]Aq,�x&Jݕ��vI`�ڛ��ËX��2sT��S��4 zC�1E�� 16 0 obj and Raitzer, D.A., 2010. Many different kinds were used and studied and they did seem to be effective, but they were costly. Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. A large-scale biological control campaign by the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nigeria, in collaboration with numerous national and international organizations has led to the successful control of P. manihoti through the introduction and establishment of A. lopezi. Mga kasarigan. ... By contrast, mortality of the unstung control was 4-8%. [6] Within a few years of its release it covered the entire country, and within five years there were no high concentrations of the cassava mealybug present. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 10 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Evaluation of insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (. endobj 1990. During 1984-89, a total of 54 releases of natural enemies was made. Recognition Behavior of the Cassava Mealybug, James, B. D. & Fofanah, M. 1992. endobj Abstract The impact of a biological control program against Phenacoccus manihoti on cassava was assessed by surveys carried out in Zambia twice yearly from 1986 to 1990. Smooth short pegs directly contact the stylet and act as mechanoreceptors, smooth long pegs are mechanoreceptors as well as a contact chemosensory organ, and grooved pegs have numerous pores on their cuticle which suggests they function as an olfactory organ. 6 0 obj The use of the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved to be a spectacular success story in the biological control of the cassava mealybug. Ultrastructure of sensory receptors on the labium of the cassava mealybug, Atu, U. G. & Okeke, J.E,. From the initial focus in the Luapula valley in 1982, P. manihoti spread in all directions, reaching the southern limit of cassava cultivation in 1988-89. Phenacoccus manihoti. endobj [4] The sensilla can work as mechanoreceptors, thermo-hygro receptors, chemoreceptors and olfactory sensory organs. Ang mga gi basihan niini. [8] It damages the cassava plant by causing deformation, defoliation, and stunted growth which leads to the death of the plant. [8] After this, it penetrates the plant using a stylet and tests the phloem for quality and quantity. An unforgettable example is the successful classical control of the cassava mealy bug, Phenacoccus manihoti that left Nigeria (and some other African countries) miserable in the early 1980s. %PDF-1.7 5 0 obj Ang Phenacoccus manihoti sakop sa kahenera nga Phenacoccus sa kabanay nga Pseudococcidae. 15 0 obj <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in Malawi 12: 235 – 248. [8] Generally the cassava mealybug can determine if a plant will be a suitable host within the first step of walking on the leaf surface. [8] It uses sight and smell to detect a possible host, once it lands, it walks along the leaf surface and uses specialized sensory organs to determine viability. endobj 11 0 obj Biological control of an invasive pest eases pressures on global commodity markets. A field trial on a moderately infested four-month old cassava plot was initiated at Ugwuoba field station of National Root Crops Research Institute, to determine the efficacy of five insecticides for control of cassava mealybug (CMB), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat-Ferr. Biological Control of the Cassava Mealybug . International Journal of Insect Morphology and Embryology. 1990. Allotropa sp., a gregarious endoparasitoid of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti , was found in Paraguay and Mato Grosso do Sul State of Brazil. 1983. The impact of Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero on growth and tuber yield of cassava, and the results of its biological control by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) were investigated in a survey of 60 farmers' fields in Ghana and Ivory Coast over an area of 180 000 km 2 of the savana and forest ecosystems. Pagka karon wala pay siak nga nalista ubos niini niya. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> [14], Neuenschwander, P., et al,. endobj [3] P. manihoti reproduces by thelytokous parthenogenesis[3] and goes through four in-star larval forms which have differing numbers of antennal segments. Cassava, and wild relative, Manihot glaziovii (tree cassava), and some weeds. 1995. [2] It soon became an important pest, and methods to control it became a topic of interest. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> endobj Sustained biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom. Cox, J. M. & Pearce M. J. Maredia, M.K. Distribution. The effects of temperature on the immature stages of the Cassava Mealybug, Renard, S., et al,. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 32 (1990) 39-55 39 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Hom., Pseudococcidae) by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae) in West Africa, as influenced by climate and soil P. N e u e n s c h w a n d e r l, W . endobj A major food source for over 300 million people in tropical regions of the world, cassava is an important root crop (Bellotti & Schoonhoven 1985). Antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the host-plant selection behavior of. [12] Biological control of the cassava mealybug generated economic benefits of over US$120 billion, averted widespread famine across subSaharan Africa and purportedly saved the lives of 20 million people. (Hom., Pseudococcidae), associated with an attack by Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae). endobj Laboratory studies on development, longevity, fecundity, and host-parasitoid relationship were made in order to assess the parasitoid's potential to control … 08 0932, Cotonou, Benin Biological control (particularly using the parasitoid Apoanagyrus lopezi) and the use of resistant varieties to control the pest are briefly described by Calatayud and Le Rü (1997). It is an oligophagous insect that demonstrates an aphid-like phloem feeding behavior. 17 0 obj Interference by ants in biological control of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Ghana - Volume 83 Issue 1 - A. R. Cudjoe, P. Neuenschwander, M. J. W. Copland <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> 1995. PM6 - Safe use of Biological Control; PM7 - Diagnostics; PM8 - Commodity-specific Phytosanitary Measures; PM9 - National Regulatory Control Systems; PM10 - Phytosanitary Treatments; Photos . 14 0 obj An Phenacoccus manihoti in nahilalakip ha genus nga Phenacoccus, ngan familia nga Pseudococcidae. [6] When it infests cassava it deteriorates the tissue mineral and nutrient contents. [4] The antenna have similar ultrastructures that are found on the labium except studies showed that there was up to 58 sensilla on the antenna, which is more than what is found on the labium. In 1981 and 1982, the introduced encyrtid parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) was first Cassava is … Widespread. It is devoid of environmental pollution, [11] The most effective pesticide tested was methidathion; in trials the infested cassava showed significant recovery. It is commonly called the cassava mealybug because it feeds on cassava. Symptoms & Life Cycle 13 0 obj Influence of linamarin and rutin on biological performances of, Le Ru, B., et al,. [11], Contrary to insecticide use, biological pest control provided a self-sustaining, cost-effective and environmentally-sound solution for mealybug suppression across the African cassava belt. 1994. Biological control of the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti, by the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi in Africa BY P. NEUENSCHWANDER AND H. R. HERREN International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Oyo Road, PMB 5320, Ibadan, Nigeria 2000. Lema, K. M. & Herren, H. R. 1985. endobj J Appl Ecol 25:921–940 CrossRef Google Scholar endobj II. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Hammond, W. N. O., and P. Neuenschwander 1990. [7], Pesticides were used as an initial response to the cassava mealybug problem. The efficiency of natural enemies, especially the exotic parasitoid Epidinocarsis lopezi (De Santis) and the indigenous predator Exochomus troberti Mulsant, in reducing populations of the cassava mealybug (CM), Phenacoccus manihoti Mat.‐Ferr., was studied through exclusion experiments. Iheagwam, E. U. The influence of constant temperature on population growth rates of the cassava mealybug. <>/Border[0 0 0]/P 3 0 R>> Other methods promoted for P. manihoti control included prophylactic dips with neonicotinoid insecticides (Parsa et al., 2012) and augmentative releases of endemic predators and entomo-pathogens (e.g., Saengyot and Burikam, 2012, Sattayawong et al., 2016). Population growth patterns for. 4 0 obj Cassava mealybug Phenacoccus manihoti. 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Pseudococcidae ( Contacts ) GO to ALL: Bio-Control Cases manihoti sakop sa kahenera nga Phenacoccus sa nga! Kahenera nga Phenacoccus sa kabanay nga Pseudococcidae the introduced parasitoid Anagyrus lopezi proved be! [ 10 ] the cassava mealybug also uses antennal sensilla and their possible functions in the Pacific islands, Papua!, Kramer, D.B., Delaquis, E., Gonzalez, C.E day. ) Menu was 4-8 % topic of interest highlands of Colombia Zambia is summarized, associated with the 1995 Food... Identify its host plant cassava productivity losses in Thailand and neighboring countries the trichoid hairs function mechanoreceptors... To Africa identify host-plants in uska species han Insecta nga ginhulagway ni Matile-ferrero hadton 1977 to...
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